Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Nerve Repair: Advances in Multimodal Systems and Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including photo-responsive, magnetic-responsive, thermo-responsive, and enzyme-responsive systems, have emerged as promising biomaterials for nerve repair and regeneration. This paper encapsulates recent developments in the utilization of intelligent hydrogels for nerve healing, emphasizing their regenerative capabilities and the principal limitations identified in the current literature and data. To highlight the potential for nerve repair, further analysis is provided on the innovative applications of advanced manufacturing technologies, such as microfluidics and 4D printing, in enhancing the fabrication precision and biocompatibility of stimulus-responsive hydrogels. Although challenges remain regarding biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and in vivo translation, the application of these technologies can help overcome current limitations. The paper highlights how the combination of smart hydrogels and advanced manufacturing techniques can significantly improve their potential for neural tissue engineering. Future directions prioritize hybrid systems, multi-stimuli integration, and 4D bioprinting. The findings provide valuable insights and technical references for future research on intelligent hydrogels in nerve regeneration medicine.