Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Towards Clinical Implementation

As a common disease in the field of neurology, Alzheimers disease (AD) causes neurodegeneration. Its pathological features mainly include -amyloid protein deposition, abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein which causes neurofibrillary tangles, as well as the following neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction. Different pathological features can be identified by detecting different biomarkers. This article summarizes the current common and new biomarkers to diagnose AD. With the diagnostic system centered on A, tau and neurodegeneration, and the gradual development towards blood testing and multimodal integration. However, the clinical application of biomarkers still faces challenges such as standardization, threshold definition, cost and etc. Therefore, future research must prioritize early diagnosis and precise disease period for AD through multimodal biomarker integration, advanced neuroimaging techniques, and focus on longitudinal studies. Focusing on discovering of ultra-early biomarkers, standardizing the blood test and monitoring the influence of biomarkers in targeted therapy dynamically will promote the realization of individualized precision medicine.