Photobiomodulation: A promising adjunct in periodontal therapy (Review)

Wound healing is a biological process that requires a well‑coordinated sequence of events, including clot formation, inflammatory response, tissue proliferation and remodeling. In the oral cavity, periodontal wounds face additional challenges due to the presence of bacteria, constant mechanical stress and inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis. While conventional treatments, such as scaling and root planing (SRP) and surgical interventions, such as flap surgery help manage periodontal disease, optimal healing outcomes are not always achieved. Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly referred to as low‑level laser therapy, has gained recognition as a potential approach for promoting periodontal wound healing. PBM utilizes non‑ionizing light to stimulate cellular and molecular processes, accelerating tissue repair, reducing inflammation and improving overall treatment outcomes. The mechanism of action of PBM involves mitochondrial activation, increased ATP production, reactive oxygen species modulation, and the activation of growth factors, such as TGF‑β, which collectively promote angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis. In periodontal therapy, PBM has demonstrated beneficial effects in post‑surgical healing following gingivectomy, flap surgery and grafting procedures. It also plays a crucial role in periodontal regeneration by influencing osteoblasts, fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells and endothelial cells, fostering bone formation and connective tissue repair. Given its non‑invasive nature, ability to enhance cellular response and potential to reduce post‑operative discomfort, PBM represents an innovative strategy for improving periodontal wound healing. The present review discusses the mechanisms, applications and clinical implications of PBM in periodontology, highlighting its potential as a valuable therapeutic modality in periodontal management. Relevant literature was sourced through searches in databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. The focus was on clinical and experimental studies published recently that evaluated PBM in periodontal wound healing. The selection included randomized controlled trials, clinical trials and well conducted narrative reviews. The search strategy included the use of the following MeSH terms: Photobiomodulation Therapy; Lasers; Periodontal Diseases; Wound Healing; Periodontal Surgery; Light Therapy.