Chromium and Nickel Toxicity in Sheep: Pathophysiology and Management Approaches

Nickel and chromium toxicity has become a major concern, mainly in sheep.These metals have various disadvantages: disabling the functionality of organs, disturbing physiological mechanisms, and causing oxidative stress, reproductive dysfunction, and immune suppression.Exposure to nickel affects the pulmonary, renal, and hepatic tissues, which leads to severe respiratory distress, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity.On the other hand, long exposure to chromium, especially hexavalent chromium, produces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and carcinogenic effects in the lungs, liver, and kidneys.The pathophysiology of chromium and nickel include oxidative impairments, obstruction with functionality of enzymes, inflammation, and infertility.Regular examination of feed and water sources, antioxidants in diet, and utilization of detoxifying agents control the toxic effects of these metals.Further, probiotics, chelators, and phytoremediation give promising solutions in lowering the accumulation of these heavy metals.This review discusses the mechanism of action of chromium and nickel toxicity in sheep, their effect on the physiological system.It also discusses potential mitigation approaches to ensure better animal health and livestock production.