Enhancing noncommunicable public health programs: A system dynamics approach to understanding reach, maintenance, and implementation costs

This modelling study highlights the complex non-linear relationships that affect the implementation of public health prevention, emphasising the need for support strategies to maintain engagement. The study shows that while alternative pathways to reach can improve participation, disengagement remains a significant challenge, impacting overall costs. Sustainment strategies that are both effective and cost-efficient are crucial for maintaining engagement and enhancing the effectiveness of public health programs.