Hormonal changes and cancer risk in post-menopausal women: HRT vs. seed supplementation

Introduction. Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and hormonal imbalances are common in postmenopausal women. This study compares the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and seed supplementation on hormonal levels, cancer risk markers, and menopausal symptoms. Material and methods. A randomized controlled trial was conducted from November 2021 to October 2022 at Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. A total of 150 postmenopausal women (aged 40–55 years) were randomized into three groups: Group I (control, n=50), Group II (seed supplementation, 20 g/day for 3 months, n=50), and Group III (HRT, estradiol and progestin/progesterone, n=50). Outcome measures included hormonal levels (estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH), cancer risk markers (CA-15.3, Pap smear), menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats), and adverse events. Results. Estradiol levels increased significantly in both Group II (seed supplementation) and Group III (HRT), with Group III showing a greater increase (p<0.01). Group II showed a reduction in CA-15.3, while 14% of Group III participants had elevated CA-15.3, indicating a potential breast cancer risk (p<0.05). Pap smear abnormalities were more frequent in Group III (8%) compared to Group II (2%). Seed supplementation significantly reduced hot flashes and night sweats (p<0.01), with better symptom relief than HRT. No significant adverse events occurred in Group II, while 20% of Group III participants reported breast tenderness and bloating. Conclusion. Both HRT and seed supplementation improved hormonal levels and menopausal symptoms. However, HRT was associated with elevated cancer risk markers, while seed supplementation was effective and well tolerated, providing a safer alternative for postmenopausal women.