Parent-child relationships as a factor in the formation of adolescent resilience: empirical dimensions

The article presents the results of a comprehensive empirical study on the relationships between types of parent-child relationships and types of adolescent resilience, considering the moderating effects of psychological and social factors. The study involved 257 adolescents and their parents. Empirical evidence confirmed the existence of three types of resilience in both adolescents and parents: vulnerable (22.2 %), balanced (41.4 %), and goal-oriented (36.4 %), each differing in their configuration of personal resources. Three types of parent–adolescent relationships were identified: trustful-involved (58.0 %), distanced-compensatory (30.4 %), and authoritarian-alienated (11.7 %). It was found that trustful-involved relationships consistently promote the development of adaptive resilience types, while authoritarian-alienated relationships increase the risk of vulnerable resilience. The following moderation effects were revealed: the "strength" component of adolescents' self-perception buffers the negative impact of adverse parent-child relationships, and secure peer attachment neutralizes the influence of problematic parental interactions on resilience. The study confirmed that resilience tends to increase with age, and gender differences were statistically insignificant. Traumatic experience did not show a significant moderating effect, possibly indicating more complex interrelations between trauma, parent-child relationships, and resilience. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of adolescent resilience development through the interplay of family context, individual psychological traits, and peer relationships, offering practical implications for the design of psychological support programs for adolescents and parental counseling.