Modeling, Degradation Characteristics, and Economic Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

As global attention increasingly focuses on sustainability, the transition toward greener transportation systems has become a critical priority. At the heart of this shift are Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), which are essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs)-a cornerstone of sustainable transportation. Advanced battery modeling techniques are crucial for understanding BESS behavior, as they enable accurate assessments of performance, lifespan predictions, and evaluations of economic feasibility. Despite significant progress in research on battery characteristics and modeling, existing studies often overlook the integration of technical and economic objectives in BESS design and operation. Addressing this gap, this paper explores the equivalent-circuit model, degradation characteristics, and economic implications of BESSs in the context of EV applications. By examining these aspects in tandem, the study presents a holistic framework that links BESS performance with both technological and financial considerations. A goal-oriented conceptual approach is proposed, providing a practical pathway for operators and stakeholders to optimize BESS operations. This integration of technical and economic perspectives not only enhances the efficiency and reliability of BESS but also strengthens the case for their adoption in sustainable transportation systems. Ultimately, the findings of this study contribute to advancing green mobility solutions, paving the way for a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.