A Study on Improving Duck Curve on Net Demand in Cooperation with Battery Swapping EV Service

The deployment of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems have significantly contributed to reducing CO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions. However, the increasing integration of PV systems into the energy grid degrades the fluctuation on duck curve, which represents the gap between electricity net demand throughout the day. In order to address the issue, Electric Vehicles (EVs) equipped with battery swapping (BS) functionality have attracted an attention. These Battery Swapping EVs (BSEVs) allow users to quickly replace wasted batteries with fully charged spares at Battery Swapping Stations (BSSs). By utilizing spare batteries as buffers for PV-generated electricity, it is possible to alleviate gap on the duck curve. This paper proposes a novel discharging and charging strategies for BSEVs, which include charging spare batteries with surplus PV energy during the daytime and discharging it for the power grid during nighttime. The proposed strategy is evaluated using the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) framework, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in well reducing fluctuation on duck curve.