Wireless Optical Inter-Satellite Link Risk-Aware Snapshot Routing Strategy in Satellite Networks: Multi-Stage Space Debris Evolution

Space debris, originating from human activities such as rocket remnants and satellite fragmentation, poses a severe threat to satellite operations, particularly in low earth orbit (LEO). The rapid proliferation of spacecraft has intensified space debris accumulation, leading to frequent interruptions in satellite networks that support global communication, navigation, and remote sensing. Wireless optical inter-satellite links (WOISLs), essential for next-generation satellite networks, are particularly vulnerable to debris-induced interruptions, compromising network stability and service quality. To address this, we propose a link risk state-aware adaptive snapshot routing (ASR-LSA) algorithm that dynamically adjusts network topology and routing paths based on debris evolution. The proposed algorithm employs an adaptive snapshot generation mechanism to mitigate the impact of space debris by optimizing snapshot merging and leveraging risk-aware routing decisions. By integrating real-time debris awareness with predictive modeling, ASR-LSA reduces redundant snapshot switching and enhances routing adaptability under varying debris conditions. Extensive simulations show that, ASR-LSA can increase the service success rate by up to 7.35% and decrease snapshot-switching frequency by 51.72% on a 1,152-satellite topology. These advancements are crucial for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of satellite communication systems, especially amid the growing threat of space debris.