AI and Women's Employment in Europe

We examine the link between the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies and changes in the female employment share in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the three-digit level, we find that on average female employment shares increased in occupations more exposed to AI. Countries with high initial female labor force participation and higher initial female relative education show a stronger positive association. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, almost all show a positive relation between changes in female employment shares within occupations and exposure to AI-enabled automation.