People Power and Police Policy: How Denying Intervenors in Pattern-or-Practice Police Litigation Undermines Police Accountability

in the American North. 9 Challenging and changing this reality of police violence is the central demand of the Movement for Black Lives, one of the largest protest campaigns in United States history. 10 Past attempts to demand accountability for police violence through reform failed to meet expectations, as demonstrated in Minneapolis. 11Minneapolis activists who demanded accountability from police over a decades-long movement considered it a "futile cycle." 12On May 25, 2020, the failure of institutions to change 9. Ariama C. Long & Tandy Lau, The Fight for Liberation: Modern Abolitionists Seek to End Police and Prisons,