Biology of the endothelium: literature review

Extensive research has been dedicated to elucidating the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction.Restoration of endothelial integrity is primarily achieved via two mechanisms: local endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and the adhesion and incorporation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells.Historically, the endothelium was regarded as a quiescent monolayer; however, evidence accumulated over the past two decades has revealed its multifaceted role in modulating coagulation, fibrinolysis, vascular tone, and vascular remodeling.In addition, the endothelium is instrumental in orchestrating the interactions between platelets, leukocytes, and the vascular wall.This literature review synthesizes recent advancements in endothelial biology, with a particular emphasis on the functions of the glycocalyx, the cellular stress response, angiogenic processes, thrombosis, and the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.