Analyses of carbon footprint in the import process for wine

Purpose: This study investigates whether wines imported from the New World generate higher carbon emissions per 0.75L bottle during distribution to Germany than Old World wines and identifies key factors influencing the carbon footprint (CF) in the distribution process. Methodology: The research analyses a large dataset (over 220,000 records) from a primary European logistics provider, applying the EN 16258 standard and EcoTransIT World (ETW) tool to calculate CO2 equivalents for various distribution channels, shipment sizes, and modes of transport. Simulations for New World shipments complement empirical data. Results: Distribution channel, shipment size, and logistics handling significantly influence CF per bottle. Large, direct shipments to retailers have lower CF than small, multi-stop shipments. Contrary to common assumptions, New World wines do not always have a higher CF than Old World wines; logistics networks and shipment handling are critical determinants. Theoretical Contribution: This paper extends the literature by empirically quantifying the impact of logistics variables on wine CF, challenging the generalisation that New World imports are inherently less sustainable. Practical Implications: Findings inform wine importers, retailers, and policymakers on optimising logistics for lower emissions and provide a nuanced basis for consumer sustainability choices. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy; SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production; SDG 13: Climate Action