Modeling and simulation of L-shaped merging behavior incorporating behavioral characteristic lines

• Individual differences and behavioral lines in l -shaped merging were identified. • An individual-oriented l -shaped model was developed for merging behaviors. • The model replicates realistic spatial and temporal features of merging behaviors. • Moderate pedestrian yielding improves traffic efficiency while other levels do not. • Larger turning areas enhance merging efficiency. Merging behavior is a common phenomenon in real-life environments that may lead to congestion and even stampedes. In this study, we examined merging behavior in l -shaped corridors and identified phenomena such as behavioral characteristic lines and turning urgency. These findings were incorporated to develop a model for l -shaped merging behavior. Comparisons between real and simulated behaviors show that the model successfully replicates both the spatial and temporal characteristics of the turning and merging processes, validating its applicability. Further analysis of various pedestrian and spatial factors affecting l -shaped merging behavior and traffic efficiency via the model reveals that (1) moderate yielding by pedestrians in the main corridor increases traffic efficiency, while no yielding or excessive yielding reduces efficiency; (2) increasing the desired velocity increases efficiency; however, the benefits diminish beyond velocities of 2.0 m/s; (3) interpersonal distances in both corridors influence the overall traffic efficiency, and maintaining pedestrian spacing at or below 2.0 m is recommended; and (4) larger turning areas increase merging efficiency, indicating that small-scale optimization of key local spaces can significantly increase efficiency. These insights are valuable for managing pedestrian behavior and designing l -shaped corridors.