Multi-model risk assessment of pesticide residues in seasonal fruits based on integrated targeted/non-targeted screening: Implications for vulnerable populations

This study comprehensively analyzed multiple pesticide residues and their characteristics in commercially available fruits using integrated targeted and non-targeted techniques, with a focus on assessing health risks for children and pregnant women based on cumulative dietary risk models. Results showed 745 samples (7 categories) identified 54 pesticides (88.6 % detection rate; 1.1 % exceeding legal limits), with strawberries and peaches of the highest detection rates (98 %), and grapes the most diverse residues (avg. 6/sample). Risk ranking analysis flagged difenoconazole and indoxacarb as high-risk. Chronic cumulative exposure risks were dominated by hepatotoxic triazole fungicides. Acute risk assessments revealed potential hepatotoxicity concerns for children (3-6 years) and pregnant women consuming grapes/peaches. The Relative Potency Factor (RPF) model, accounting for synergism, showed 4-7 times higher neuro/hepatotoxicity risks than the Hazard Index (HI) model. This first integration of non-targeted screening with multi-model risk assessment provides evidence for strengthening pesticide regulation and protecting sensitive subpopulations.