Brain MRI signatures across sex and CSF Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers

The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and neurodegenerative effects is not fully understood. This study investigates neurodegeneration patterns across CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarker groups, the association of brain volumes with CSF amyloid and tau status and sex differences in these relationships in a clinical neurology sample. MRI and CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers data were analysed in 306 patients of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system aged 50+ (mean age = 68.4 ± 8.8 years; 43.1% female), who had lumbar punctures within 1 year of clinical MRI scans. We first analysed neurodegeneration patterns across four biomarker groups: 60 controls (A-T-&CU; amyloid negative, tau negative, cognitively unimpaired), 25 A+T- (amyloid positive, tau negative), 121 A+T+ (amyloid positive, tau positive) and 100 other dementia (A-T-&CI; amyloid negative, tau negative, cognitively impaired). Second, we examined volumetric associations with amyloid (amyloid positive, tau negative versus control) and tau in the presence of amyloid (amyloid positive, tau positive versus amyloid positive, tau negative) across 52 brain areas. Third, we examined sex differences in these relationships. Finally, we validated core analyses across three independent datasets-NACC (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center), ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) and EPAD (European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia)-totalling 3137 participants, and performed meta-analyses to obtain more robust estimates. We observed distinct neurodegeneration patterns across biomarker groups, with disrupted connectivity (brain volume covariance networks) in amyloid positive and other dementia groups, while amyloid and tau negative, cognitively unimpaired controls exhibited the most connected network. Amyloid was associated with subcortical, cerebellar and brainstem atrophy, with consistent association observations in the thalamus and amygdala across all four datasets. Tau in the presence of amyloid demonstrated general brain shrinkage through enlargement of extracerebral CSF, alongside unexpected ventricle shrinkages. Sex-based analyses revealed that A+T+ (amyloid positive, tau positive) had lower sex differences in connectivity patterns compared with other groups. Sex differences were also noted in amyloid-related ventricular volume changes. This study reveals how amyloid and tau affect brain connectivity and volume across sex and CSF biomarker groups, emphasizing global brain changes and sex differences. By leveraging automated pipelines and advanced MRI and biomarker analyses, we extracted meaningful and replicable findings from heterogeneous clinical samples from real-world data. The meta-analyses across four datasets enhance the generalizability of our results.

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Journal
Brain Communications
Published
2025-01-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcaf210
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.43

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article

Brain MRI signatures across sex and CSF Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers

Laura Carrera‐García, Lyduine E. Collij, Siân Jones, M Jankovich et al.
1 citations
Brain Communications
Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
1.43
article

Brain MRI signatures across sex and CSF Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers

Laura Carrera‐García, Lyduine E. Collij, Siân Jones, M Jankovich, Katja Lindner, Elizabeth Coulthard, Silvia Ingala, J Middleton, Carol Di Perri, Mats Ericson, Valentina Nicolosi, Ruaridh Buchan, Nazha Hamdani, Damien West, Janet E. Hall, Simon Lovestone, Gary Romano, Nadeem Sarwar, Hernàn Picard, Martin Hofmann‐Apitius, E. Amiri Souri, Susan Jackson, Thomas D. Cushion, Jean‐François Démonet, Mariana Bombo Perozzi Gameiro, Lisa Vermunt, Stephane Pollentier, Randall K. Flory, Véronique Chauvet, Marta Milà‐Alomà, Andrew G. Smith, Holger Zimmermann, Joanna Marguerite Wardlaw, Hinesh Topiwala, Emily Nash Smyth, Ewa Iwaniuk, Fiona Campbell, Frank Tennigkeit, Elizabeth Munro, Paulina Andryszak, Kristian Windfeld, Anthony J. Brookes, Gaël Chételat, Joanne O’Gorman, H. Mengel, Michelle McDonald, Heather Welch, Ivan Koychev, F. Krause, Y. Godinov, Jean Manson, Claire Boutoleau, Joana Brandão, Gunhild Waldemar, Karine Fauria, Alexander de Jong, P. T. Geach, Jordi Camı́, Michelle Lax, David Ash, Mario Riverol, G. Esteban Fernández, Annabella Beteta, Derya Ayaz, Ana Muñoz, Lea ter Meulen, Shireen Sindi, Catherine Brooker, Rezaul Karim Khandker, Bianca Auschra, Maria Escrivà, Robert Perneczky, Isabelle Coste, Judith P. Wilson, Paula Petrone, Leona Wolters, Alexandra Fayel, Enchi Liu, Eva Delpón, David Taylor, G. Vlachos, Marina Boccardi, Derek Hill, John E. Hall, Gerard Blasco, Isadora Lopes-Alves, Caroline Cohen, Jina Swartz, Margherita Mauri, Katherine Shepherd, Samir N. Beydoun, Fiona Edler, C. Wilson, Natalie Jenkins, Anna Mega, C. Chauncey Spears, M Valeri, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Patrick S. Farmer, Daniela Savina, Gérald Luscan, Beatriz Blasco, Nicolaos Scarmeas, Bert Overduin, Lea K. Pilgrim, Paweł Markiewicz, Eric Kenneth Parkinson, Harriet G. Oldham, Christine G. Lee, Gill Cane, Oliver Peters, Tina M. Olsson, Jonas N. Pedersen, Lucilla Parnetti, Maryam Abaei, D. Schneider, Michael Gold, Gonzalo Sánchez Benavides, Timo Grimmer, Shona Forster, Aurélie Gillet, Christopher Randolph, Audrey Gabelle, Manuela Thelen, S. Knox, Mahesh N. Samtani, Luigi Lorenzini, Tobias Christoph Langheinrich, L.M. Petrie, G Roessler Oliver, Justine Hudson, Owen Lancaster, Samuel Danso, Scott M. Berry, Hiroko H. Dodge, J. Kevin Harrison, P. McGinty, Richard James, Isabelle Carrié, Rebekah Davies, Miriam Dyck, Barbara Wendelberger, J Sidebottom, Johan van der Lei, Amy Gerrish, Sally Atkinson, Elena Ratti, Neil Fullerton, Merel J.W. Adjobo-Hermans, Anke M. Smits, Andrea Toja, Vanessa Raymont, Kaj Blennow, Andrée Gauthier-Fisher, Maria Berglund, Olga Mitelman, Philip Scheltens, Sarah Gregory, Katherine Ellis, Dhiwagaran Thangavelu, Sarah Hoosdally, Donna Cairney, Paresh Malhotra, Anna Anderson, Blanche Pirotte, Johan Luthman, Eline M. Bunnik, Dominic M. Walsh, Cynthia Duggan, Christina Rabe, Pieter Jelle Visser, S. Rau, Tara M. Connelly, Oleg Belov, Delia A. Gheorghe, Kevin J. Tracey, Claudia Escher, Andrew Satlin, Polyna Khudyakov, Magda Łapińska, Dennis Chan, Jan Novák, Shobha Dhadda, Zhong Wei, Emiliano Albanese, Etienne Pigeolet, D. R. Young, Sabrina J. Erlhoff, Howard Greenberg, Sara Gipponi, Kara J Thornton, Philipp von Rosenstiel, Tyler Seyhan Saunders, Clare Dolan, Tom T. Hartley, Jennie Walgren, Ian Sherriff, Susanne Schmid, Mark Forrest Gordon, Craig Ritchie, Bradly G. Wouters, Vesna Jelić, Zeynep Sahin, Robin Huang, Jeroen Schuermans, Patrick Easton, Mark Fitzgerald, Manon Laforce, James Howlett, Michael T. Ropacki, Bjørn Grønning, José Luís Molinuevo, Daniel Harder, Corine Baayen, Amy Chinner, Gerald Novak, Christophe Bintener, Chao‐Yi Wu, Benjamin Billot, Harald Hampel, Brian Berry, Sarah Bauermeister, Shirlene Badger, Ahmad Allouche, Elena Barham, Adrian Mander, Richard Milne, Göran Hagman, Kate McLeish, Niels D. Prins, Anika Nier, M. Bortolotti, Rebecca Cousins, Nina Coll, T.L.Y. Tracy, Rebecca Sims, Mircea Balasa, Jeffrey Kaye, Christopher J. Weber, Ihsen Youssef, Howard Feldman, Suresh Mahalingam, Sebastiaan Engelborghs, Robert J. Gordon, J. Pereda, Alasdair Lawrie, Florence Bayard, Seán Lyons, Andrea Wadeson, H. G. Wolff, Achim Fischer, Laure Saint‐Aubert, Jasmine Blane, Marta Cañada, Michael Ewers, Marieke Meijer, Lucy Stirland, Sven Haller, Olga Krylova, Myroslava Protsiv, Bruce Albala, Melissa Naylor, Clare Taylor, Bart Vannieuwenhuyse, K. P. Westphal, Mara Golemme, Joseph A. O’Sullivan, Serge Van der Geyten, Felix Menne, Stina Saunders, Noemí Carranza, L. Jennings Hampton, Ana Belén Callado, Sandra Mckay, Salvatore Lopez, Nicolas Pourbaix, Bernard Hanseeuw, Iva Knezevic, Udo Eichenlaub, Pamela Brankin, Edo Richard, Brian D. M. Tom, Tequila Osborne, Dianne Gove, Gary L. Johnson, Adrià Tort‐Merino, Hendrik Sipma, Michele K. York, R. T. Clegg, Sarah Jane Flaherty, Tom C. Russ, Bruno Vellas, Paula Marne, Julie Williams, Pablo Martínez‐Lage, Tim Elliott, B. M. Cooke, David L. Hill, Lutz Froelich, Francesca Lawson, Pilar Drake, Merçé Boada, Carolina Herrero, Cristina Mendes Peter, Baptiste Porte, Raffaele Cacciaglia, Steven R. Head, Beatríz Bosch, Jon Saldias, Andrew Donaldson, Neil C. Mitchell, Mahnaz Shekari, Steen Gregers Hasselbalch, Tiffany M. Stewart, Gunilla Johansson, Ejner K. Moltzen, Hazel Milligan, Enise Irem Incesoy, E. Nebot, Montserrat Alegret, Stefano Zanigni, Nenad Bogdanovic, Lynn Yieh, Meemansa Sood, G. C. Maitra, Marianne Maman, Min Pan, Karthik Gopinath, Juan Eugenio Iglesias, Julien Dumurgier, Adam Waldman, Lorna Harper, Mark van Houten, Andreea Rădoi, Florence Pasquier, Stephan Korte, Antoaneta A. Markova, Sofia Menezes‐Cabral, Elena Chipi, Anna Borthwick, Michael Storck, Joanna Świderska, Michela Rampini, J. Rivera Concepcion, Pedro Pesini, Arcadi Navarro, Giulia Lestini, Colin Veal, Elena Rolandi, Allard C. van der Wal, Hicham Filali, Katrin Haeverans, John Gallacher, Marie Adams, Jennifer Chambers, Georgina Menzies, Susan Black, Andrea Pfeifer, Nicolas Piton, Richard Batrla‐Utermann, Angeles Barro, Rachel Schindler, Tatjana Stevanović, Inès Paule, Sudeshna Das, Natalie Morgan, Delphine Pennetier, Alan Kennedy, Anne‐Marie Wills, Fiona Heeman, Maciej Czarnecki, Sharon Dispoto, Gwenaëlle Fillon, Tammy Berry, Krista Tromp, Jennifer Lawson, Natassia F. Brenman, Seth Ness, Lashi Bandara, John O’Brien, Frederik Barkhof, Nyla Haque, Johan Goeman, Frank Jessen, Jacek Dobryniewski, Sam McCabe, Ulrika Akenine, David Matheson, Elin M. Rees, Cathy Vanbelle, Neill Duncan, Juan Domingo Gispert, Glen Wunderlich, Grégory Operto, Theresa Mueller, Ana Pancho, Christopher Kipps, Maríateresa Buongiorno, Farid Chekani, Marion Mortamais, Nadja Smailagic, Daniele Altomare, Fiona Elizabeth Scott, Vinicio de Jesús Pérez, Ashley R. Sexton, Emma Law, Bradley T. Hyman, Becky C. Carlyle, Isabelle Carrière, Graciela Muñiz‐Terrera, Y. Brault, Menno D. Stellingwerff, A. A. M. Gibson, Charlotte Frick, Rowen Norton, Ella Potter, Maartje Schermer, Rik R. Vandenberghe, Bernhard Greve, Samantha Galluzzi, Nick J. Fox, Neil Buckholtz, Michael Fogle, Maciej Maciejowski, Mélanie Leroy, Ana Diaz, Yaël Slama, Kyle Wathen, Susan Shepherd, Laia Tenas, Alle Meije Wink, Alberto Redolfi, George R. Pope, Stephanie Lowther, Kristy Draper, Melanie Quintana, Marie Lärksäter, Lucia Farotti, S. A. S. A. Bemelmans, Meritxell Santos, R. Schaeffer, M. Fasnacht Boillat, Karen A. Ritchie, Elisa Canzoneri, Caroline Grasselli, Ingo Kilimann, Tamlyn Watermeyer, Rodrigo Barnes, Zara Haque, Anna Strömberg, R E Nagle, Nikolay V. Manyakov, Maura Parapini, Gema Huesa, Tom MacGillivray, Björn Kull, Silke Kern, Henrik Zetterberg, Hilkka Soininen, Mara ten Kate, Maryline Simon, Francis Nyasse, Eric Siemers, Lena Sannemann, Chi‐Fai Ng, Hannah Hurst, Moira Marizzoni, Rhonda Bryce, Kevin W. Sexton, Tom Bowen, Jeffrey Sevigny, Shari Scott, Cathie Sudlow, Jean-Baptiste Hanon, Cindy Birck, Casper de Boer, Denis Murphy, Camille Coulange, Michael Ben Yehuda, Derek Brown, Pia Kivisäkk, Mauro Sousa, Sandra Pla, Peter Connelly, Jennifer Syson, Marthe Smedinga, Catriona McNeill, Erin Darling, Mala K. Maini, Carol Brayne, Ray French, Ana Campillo, Carolina Minguillón, Jeroen van Leur, M. C. Mangini, Lisa M. Brown, Michael E. Gaunt, Vladimir Dragalin, Iracema Leroi, Mikel Tainta, Kay McNamee, Bonnie Bruce, Steven Edward Arnold, Sandrine Indart, Kate Barnes, Annalena Venneri, Monica Almici, Corinne Prescott, Malin Aspö, Linnea Petersson, Vagelis Ladas, Rocío García, Babak Boroojerdi, Ben Newton, Sarah Taylor, Caroline Sage, Genevieve Morrison, Stefan Borg, Harry Peaker, Carine Schildermans, Saira Ramasastry, A Warszawa, Marise Bucukoglu, Juliana Ballaminut, You Cheng, Carlos Díaz, Kathrin Huber, Henrik Andersson, Mark Schmidt, Jyoti Srivastava, Miia Kivipelto, James R. Wright, Andrew Fox, Asma Akter, David Allan, Christopher W. Jenkins, Konrad Rejdak, Patrick Feukam Talla, Yingnan He, Vincent Boyer, Prasad Guntur Ramkumar, Jean Georges, Johannes Streffer, Joel H. Kramer, Natalia del Campo, Katie Wells, Kathryn Carruthers, Simon J. White, Adam J. Schwarz, Steven C. Hill, Martin Dvořák, Jennifer A. Zimmer, John Woodside, Alexandra Radford, Martin Rabe, Laurie Ryan, Valentina Saletti, Christopher Foley, Bjørn Sperling, Lynne Hughes, Katarina Risbecker, Alina Solomon, Sandrine Andrieu, Rafael Arroyo, Stefanie Sommer, Robin Wolz, Birgit Steckel-Hamann, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Simone Wahl, Francesca Mangialasche, Bruno Dubois, Ana Graf, Mark C. Austin, Pierre Jean Ousset, Janet Munro, M. Ferrando, Gill Wells, Miguel M. García, Tom Ashby, Laura Doull, Marion Dubois, Marc Zimmermann, Alan McNeill, Patricia Burton, Clare Mackay, Anne Hall, Barbara Stolz, Michael C. Irizarry, Mike Radford, Michael Hutton, M. Ramos Montserrat, Lynn D. Kramer, Emma‐Jane McDonald, Genoveva Montoya, Russel Jones, Stéphane Lehéricy, Andrea Fernández, Mary C. Potter, K. Forsyth, D.E. FRY, Alasdair I. MacDonald, J. Valls Solé, Heena Mistry, Thiphaine Charriau, J. Sánchez, Anna E. Leeuwis, Kate Ferguson, Siva Kumar, Ellie Mcmaster, Cristina Lizeth Ramírez Cuevas, T. Martino, Sarah D. Sparks, A. J. Penny, Fiona Ramage, Julie Edwards, Alette M. Wessels, John A. Kemp, Luc Truyen, A. Gower, Jean-François Dedieu, Pilar Martínez Tirado, Renske van Dijk, C Léger, S. M. Beukers, Angela Noble, R Hahn, Muddassar M. Mirza, Julie A. Scott, Clotilde Debove, Rob Lenz, James Selwood, Will Clark, Marija Jovanović, Susan Katz, Trevor Smart, Tracy Baird, Omar Iván Vargas Rivera, Mar Buendía, Alison Thomsen, Stefan Teipel, Lisa Ford, Taiza Elaine Grespan Santos Edwards, S. Andersson, P. Hougaard, S Akel, Michael Schäffer, David Ruvolo, Charles Fant, Joseph Milne, Suzanne Foy, Lennert Steukers, Edith Benmansour, Neus Cadevall, Andy Bolan, Inna Tsvang, Marcus Unternärer, Philip Liston-Kraft, Samantha Buddhaeberlein, Birgit Goerke, Dorothee Schwall-rudolph, Gine Plaue, Jasmin Ghazvini, Julia Meyer-Kleinmann, Lisa Hattemer, Martina Eckes, Melanie Nusser, Rolf Goeggel, Shannon Scanlon, Christine Vincenzetti, Wilhelm Dieminger, Marta Biel-Czarnecka, Fabien Monin, Christelle Cadiet, Manon Guiguen, Rachel Chaigneau, Romain Muraz, Samia Melcion, Béatrice Dinthilac, Brune Rieunier, Julien Delrieu Lapeyre, Nicole Batonneau, Alex Teligladas, Sophie Mourgues, Virginia Blasco, Elisa Majouni, Felicity Sheppard, Valentina Scott-Price, Ami Saver, Shilpa Kakad, Sindhuja Musku, Sonjoy Braham, Susan DevenishMeares, Dan Holding, Jayetta Embry, Laurence Hoezen, Sander Woerdeman, Fabian Perpeet, Tobias Rechmann, Stefanie Peulen, Amaya García-Eizaga, Eva Danasi, Rachel Rosenhead, Ross Dune, Aixa Ghastin, Tom Haber, Alessandra Cincotti, Charlotte Dumonte, Florent Trecanne, Isabelle Geahel, Marie Baquet, Alexandre Mencik, Andrea Morton-Morys, Andrew Danson, Ben Cons, Benjamin Spence, Elisabeth Gilmour, James Rattenbury, Ioana Ababei, Jane Whitrow, Lea Marai, Ann Dierckx, Christine Cully, Christophe Verbruggen, David Symnoski, Rodolphe Eyraud, Eric Crouthamel, Ross McGarrity, Joris Beke, Karen Bachner, Liesbeth Cluckers, Marie de Vulder, Marisa Ehinger, Melanie Warzeski, Mila Etropolski, Sipma Hendrik, Béatrice Le Balanger, Vanessa Bosmans, Wouter Deneyer, Ida Kettley, Phatcharee Chareonto, Jessica Röber, Henrik Bolgan, Lisa Hellström, Morten Rosted, Tilde Dyring Weidlich, Carine Djuika, Agnieszka Trubacz, Sheila MacFayden, Gavin Lingiah, Leslie Ameil, Keith Merle, Letitia Reyniers, Natalie Rosewell, Nabila Lajaail, Kirsten McClelland-Brooks, Nabila Nyasse, Dieter Nussher, Sema Cheyun, Yvonne Madawela, Nadja Younsi, James Eshelby, Olivier Drap, Paul Marrone, Souza Benadjaoud, Magdalena Maslowska, Enisa Alibasic, Verena Neuhold, Tatiana Akake Beshelemu, Dianne Stephanie Van Houdt, Jordy Birahy, Reli Pascale, Wim van Oijen Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny, Katarzyna Lucka, Aleksandra Stjepanovic-Agovic, Cornelia Mockwitz, Frederic Delalonde, Isabelle Clavier, Laurence Mazuranok, Philippe Rocolle, Estefanía Callado, Nuria Subirats, Alex Bowtell, Antonella Chiucchiuini, Rajan Perinpanayagam, Tristy Tara, Guy Casy, Sarah Findon, Daphne Derouane, David Marquet, Katharina Angrosch, Mireille Delval, Peter Verplancke, Simon Dresse, Andy Kodiak, Brian McTeir, Chloe Kippen, Hannah Jobse, Howard Marriage, Joanne MacConnell, Katia Hervy, Lesley Niezynski, Loukia Koutsoventi, Molly Boughey, Rustam Al Shahi-Salman, Val Renton, Vikki Leslie, Alexander Dzerzga, Britta Doelle, Christel Gatzke, Petra Schreiner-Kaub, Simone Stockter, Susan Thielking, Karen O'Hanlon, Nickie Ketcher, Nicola A Ketcher, Alexandra Agogue, Andreas Schmalz, Christine Trombert, Daria Genaro, Estefania Vilarino, Jennyfer Sturzmann, Walter Kullur, Justin Lowen, Ann van den Eynde, Aniko Hazelebach, Michel Telkamp, Wendy van Veen, Christine van Broechhoven, Wendy Wittebolle, Eider Arenaza
article en
1 citations

Abstract

The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and neurodegenerative effects is not fully understood. This study investigates neurodegeneration patterns across CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarker groups, the association of brain volumes with CSF amyloid and tau status and sex differences in these relationships in a clinical neurology sample. MRI and CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers data were analysed in 306 patients of the Mass General Brigham healthcare system aged 50+ (mean age = 68.4 ± 8.8 years; 43.1% female), who had lumbar punctures within 1 year of clinical MRI scans. We first analysed neurodegeneration patterns across four biomarker groups: 60 controls (A-T-&CU; amyloid negative, tau negative, cognitively unimpaired), 25 A+T- (amyloid positive, tau negative), 121 A+T+ (amyloid positive, tau positive) and 100 other dementia (A-T-&CI; amyloid negative, tau negative, cognitively impaired). Second, we examined volumetric associations with amyloid (amyloid positive, tau negative versus control) and tau in the presence of amyloid (amyloid positive, tau positive versus amyloid positive, tau negative) across 52 brain areas. Third, we examined sex differences in these relationships. Finally, we validated core analyses across three independent datasets-NACC (National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center), ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) and EPAD (European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia)-totalling 3137 participants, and performed meta-analyses to obtain more robust estimates. We observed distinct neurodegeneration patterns across biomarker groups, with disrupted connectivity (brain volume covariance networks) in amyloid positive and other dementia groups, while amyloid and tau negative, cognitively unimpaired controls exhibited the most connected network. Amyloid was associated with subcortical, cerebellar and brainstem atrophy, with consistent association observations in the thalamus and amygdala across all four datasets. Tau in the presence of amyloid demonstrated general brain shrinkage through enlargement of extracerebral CSF, alongside unexpected ventricle shrinkages. Sex-based analyses revealed that A+T+ (amyloid positive, tau positive) had lower sex differences in connectivity patterns compared with other groups. Sex differences were also noted in amyloid-related ventricular volume changes. This study reveals how amyloid and tau affect brain connectivity and volume across sex and CSF biomarker groups, emphasizing global brain changes and sex differences. By leveraging automated pipelines and advanced MRI and biomarker analyses, we extracted meaningful and replicable findings from heterogeneous clinical samples from real-world data. The meta-analyses across four datasets enhance the generalizability of our results.

Brain CommunicationsVol. 7(3)
Harvard University (US), Massachusetts General Hospital (US), Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (US), University College London (GB), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Alzheimer's Association, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Massachusetts General Hospital, Biogen, Meso Scale Diagnostics, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, BioClinica, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, McMaster University, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Eisai, Servier, H. Lundbeck A/S, IXICO, National Institutes of Health, Genentech, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institute on Aging
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Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
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