Cluster analysis of the capitals of European countries by the “green” image indicators in the context of sustainable development

Ongoing urbanization presents significant environmental challenges, which can be addressed through targeted investments in green infrastructure. Such investments not only mitigate ecological impacts but also enhance a city’s brand value and attractiveness to investors and residents. This study evaluates how green infrastructure, along with environmental, social, and economic indicators, influences the formation of a “green” image of the capitals of European countries. The “green” image is conceptualized as the perception of a city as environmentally friendly and sustainable, increasing its appeal to various stakeholders. Using k-means cluster analysis based on 10 indicators across 29 capitals of European countries, four distinct clusters were identified according to their potential for sustainable development. The second Cluster (Berlin, Helsinki, Ljubljana, Madrid, Riga, Sofia, Tallinn, Vilnius, and Zagreb) showed the strongest “green” image, with extensive green areas and low pollution levels balanced by solid socio-economic indicators. The first Cluster (London, Luxembourg, and Paris) had a high quality of life but relatively limited green space. The third Cluster (Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Dublin, Lisbon, Prague, Rome, Stockholm, and Vienna) combined high living costs and life expectancy with moderate green coverage. Most remaining cities, including Athens, Brussels, and Kyiv, were placed in the fourth Cluster, indicating a need for more robust environmental policies. The findings highlight that expanding green spaces, maintaining low pollution levels, and supporting high life expectancy is key to enhancing a city’s green image, thereby boosting its investment appeal and overall quality of life. AcknowledgmentThis study was partially supported by the project of the European Union Program ERASMUS+ Jean Monnet, under grant agreement № 101085435. This article reflects only the authors’ views, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.