Impact of Economic Barriers and Health Literacy on Routine Immunization Access in Yola North and South Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Routine immunization (RI) is essential for reducing child mortality and morbidity from vaccinepreventable diseases.However, in Yola, Nigeria, economic barriers and low health literacy hinder RI accessibility and acceptance.This study examines the impact of these factors in Yola North and SouthLGAs, Adamawa State, using data from 166 mothers and other respondents through surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observations.Statistical analysis (chi-square tests) using SPSS 27.0 revealed significant associations between economic barriers ( = 9.951) and low health literacy ( = 9.506) with immunization accessibility.Workforce shortages were identified by 55.9% of participants as a major challenge, while 31.7% and 31.1% cited social and cultural beliefs and lack of awareness, respectively.These barriers contribute to incomplete immunization coverage and increased disease transmission.Addressing them requires community-based education, workforce strengthening, investment in cold chain infrastructure, transparent communication, engagement with community leaders, and continuous monitoring to improve immunization outcomes.