Discovering Water Scarcity Risks and The Strategic Significance of Water Management in Pakistan

Water scarcity, driven by rapid population growth and climate change, presents a critical challenge worldwide. This study examines Pakistan’s struggle with water scarcity, emphasizing the impacts of population growth, climate change, and inadequate water management, particularly within the vital Indus River system. Using time-series data from AQUASTAT and World Development Indicators from 1980-2020, we apply indices such as Falkenmark’s Water Resource Vulnerability Index and the Water Poverty Index to assess Pakistan’s water stress. Our findings reveal that per capita water availability has dropped below critical levels, exacerbated by outdated irrigation systems and slow progress in dam capacity expansion. With over 90% of water directed toward agriculture, efficient water use and increased storage are crucial. However, inter-provincial conflicts and water wastage remain significant barriers. This study highlights areas for improvement, including enhanced industrial water use efficiency and reduced municipal consumption and its recommendations are to advocate for public awareness, better storage infrastructure, and coordinated efforts to achieve water-related Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.