Postmortem forensic toxicology: a retrospective investigation from Dammam—Saudi Arabia

Abstract Background Postmortem forensic toxicology is a critical discipline in forensic science, analyzing biological samples to detect and quantify drugs, alcohol, and other toxic substances in deceased individuals. This field plays a vital role in determining causes of death, investigating potential homicides, and identifying substance abuse trends in populations. With the rise in substance-related fatalities—driven by increasing misuse of both illicit and prescription drugs—postmortem toxicology has gained significant importance. This study examines postmortem forensic toxicology findings in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, from 2013 to 2022, analyzing cases referred to the Forensic Medicine Department to assess demographic patterns, causes of death, and toxicological profiles. Results The study included 387 cadavers, with the largest age group (35.1%) being 31–40 years, followed by 21–30 years (28.9%) and 41–50 years (22.7%). Most cases involved Saudi nationals (58.1%) and males (96.6%). Accidental deaths accounted for the majority (46.8%), while hanging suicides represented 22.5% of cases. Toxicological analysis revealed a high prevalence of polydrug use, underscoring its association with mortality. Conclusions The findings underscore the high incidence of drug-related deaths, especially involving polydrug use among Saudi males, and alcohol-related mortality among non-Saudis. These trends point to the urgent need for enhanced drug control measures, public education campaigns on substance abuse, and culturally tailored mental health interventions targeting high-risk groups. Graphical Abstract