Promoting sustainable mining for health, food security and biodiversity conservation

Abstract With approximately 25,000 active mining companies operating in 140 countries, the mining industry significantly contributes to global economic growth but also poses severe environmental and social challenges. This review examines the implications of mining on human health, food security, and biodiversity conservation, drawing insights from case studies and the Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM) initiative. The extraction and processing of minerals such as coal, gold, silver, copper, and zinc release hazardous materials, including arsenic, mercury, lead, and radioactive substances, leading to soil contamination, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. Mining-related emissions have been linked to respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, and increased mortality rates in affected communities. In agriculture, land degradation and competition for resources reduce crop productivity, with nearly 90% of food insecurity hotspots in Africa coinciding with mining sites. Biodiversity loss results from habitat destruction, soil contamination, and the introduction of invasive species, disrupting ecological balance. The study highlights regulatory frameworks and sustainable mining approaches, such as mercury-free gold mining in Ghana and corporate responsibility programs in Canada, Finland, and Spain. Future directions emphasize the need for innovative technologies, stricter environmental policies, and increased stakeholder engagement to mitigate mining’s adverse effects while ensuring resource sustainability.