The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Weak Evidence for Star-formation-driven Outflows in <i>z</i> ∼ 5 Main-sequence Galaxies

Abstract There is a broad consensus from theory that stellar feedback in galaxies at high redshifts is essential to their evolution, alongside conflicting evidence in the observational literature about its prevalence and efficacy. To this end, we utilize deep, high-resolution [C II ] emission-line data taken as part of the [C II ] resolved interstellar medium (ISM) in star-forming galaxies with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (CRISTAL) survey. Excluding sources with kinematic evidence for gravitational interactions, we perform a rigorous stacking analysis of the remaining 15 galaxies to search for broad emission features that are too weak to detect in the individual spectra, finding only weak evidence that a broad component is needed to explain the composite spectrum. Additionally, such evidence is mostly driven by CRISTAL-02, which is already known to exhibit strong outflows in multiple ISM phases. Interpreting modest residuals in the stack at v ∼ 300 km s −1 as an outflow, we derive a mass outflow rate of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">out</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 26 ± 11 M ⊙ yr −1 and a cold outflow mass-loading factor of η m = 0.49 ± 0.20. This result holds for the subsample with the highest star formation rate surface density (Σ SFR &gt; 1.93 M ⊙ yr −1 kpc −2 ), but no such broad component is present in the composite of the lower-star-formation-rate density subsample. Our results imply that the process of star-formation-driven feedback may already be in place in typical galaxies at z = 5, but on average are not strong enough to completely quench ongoing star formation.

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2025-05-29
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adced3
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
4.62

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
article

The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Weak Evidence for Star-formation-driven Outflows in z ∼ 5 Main-sequence Galaxies

Ilse De Looze, M. Relaño, Jorge González-López, Roberto J. Assef et al.
4 citations
The Astrophysical Journal
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
4.62
article

The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Weak Evidence for Star-formation-driven Outflows in z ∼ 5 Main-sequence Galaxies

Ilse De Looze, M. Relaño, Jorge González-López, Roberto J. Assef, Ken-ichi Tadaki, Vicente Villanueva, K. K. Knudsen, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Lilian L. Lee, David B. Fisher, Ikki Mitsuhashi, Jack E. Birkin, D. Lutz, Andrea Ferrara, Manuel Solimano, Alberto D. Bolatto, Justin Spilker, R. L. Davies, Ryota Ikeda, Ana Posses, Manuel Aravena, Juno Li, Andreas L. Faisst, T. Díaz-Santos, Yuan Li, Loreto Barcos-Muñoz
article en
4 citations

Abstract

Abstract There is a broad consensus from theory that stellar feedback in galaxies at high redshifts is essential to their evolution, alongside conflicting evidence in the observational literature about its prevalence and efficacy. To this end, we utilize deep, high-resolution [C II ] emission-line data taken as part of the [C II ] resolved interstellar medium (ISM) in star-forming galaxies with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (CRISTAL) survey. Excluding sources with kinematic evidence for gravitational interactions, we perform a rigorous stacking analysis of the remaining 15 galaxies to search for broad emission features that are too weak to detect in the individual spectra, finding only weak evidence that a broad component is needed to explain the composite spectrum. Additionally, such evidence is mostly driven by CRISTAL-02, which is already known to exhibit strong outflows in multiple ISM phases. Interpreting modest residuals in the stack at v ∼ 300 km s −1 as an outflow, we derive a mass outflow rate of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">out</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> = 26 ± 11 M ⊙ yr −1 and a cold outflow mass-loading factor of η m = 0.49 ± 0.20. This result holds for the subsample with the highest star formation rate surface density (Σ SFR &gt; 1.93 M ⊙ yr −1 kpc −2 ), but no such broad component is present in the composite of the lower-star-formation-rate density subsample. Our results imply that the process of star-formation-driven feedback may already be in place in typical galaxies at z = 5, but on average are not strong enough to completely quench ongoing star formation.

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 985(2)
California Institute of Technology (US), Bunkyo University (JP), Scuola Normale Superiore (IT), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL), University of Concepción (CL), Universidad de Granada (ES), The University of Western Australia (AU), The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP), European University Cyprus (CY), National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US), Mitchell Institute (US), Ghent University (BE), ASTRO-3D (AU), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), McCormick (United States) (US), Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel Associated Diseases (CL), Las Campanas Observatory (CL), ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (AU), Millenium Nucleus for Planet Formation (CL), National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP), International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (AU), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (US), University of Virginia (US), Swinburne University of Technology (AU), Chalmers University of Technology (SE), University of Maryland, College Park (US), The University of Tokyo (JP), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (GR), Texas A&M University (US), Universidad Diego Portales (CL), Hokkai Gakuen University (JP)
National Science Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Australian Government, European Commission, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Vlaamse regering, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, National Science and Technology Council, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Openalex Percentile: Top 6%
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
4.62
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.