Education in the Age of AI: rethinking human agency and intelligent learning in digital learning environment

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing education by reshaping how students learn, interact, and build knowledge. While AI offers opportunities for personalized learning and skill development, its impact on students’ human agency and autonomy remains under explored, particularly in developing contexts like Bangladesh. This study aims to examine how AI integration in digital learning environments affects the agency, decision-making, and active participation of students at the National University of Bangladesh. Using Self-Determination Theory as the framework, a quantitative survey was conducted among 200 students, with data analysed through descriptive statistics. Findings show that while students appreciate features such as- adaptive feedback and interactive learning hints, many are concerned about ethical risks, reduced critical thinking, and an over reliance on AI. A strong preference for human guidance over AI-driven support was evident. Students also highlighted the need for AI tools that are fair, culturally relevant, and easier to control. The study concludes that although AI holds potential to enhance education, careful attention to ethical design and student empowerment is essential. Future research should address infrastructure gaps and explore more diverse educational settings to fully harness AI’s benefits while preserving learner agency.