Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic UC Davis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats Upregulates the Protein Expression of Phd2 and Occludin

indicating active de novo glutamate biosynthesis.Moreover, the MOS feeding dose-dependently increased glutamate as well as -ketoglutarate, which is the precursor in microbial glutamate biosynthesis, in the large intestine.Conclusions: De novo glutamate biosynthesis is actively present in the large intestine of mice and highly modulable by prebiotics.All these observations warrant further investigations on the metabolic pathways and gut microbes responsible for its biosynthesis.