Vitamin B12 Sufficiency and Cognitive Test Scores of Children With and Without Perinatally Acquired HIV Infection or Exposure – A Prospective Cohort Study

dairy beverage containing 1.2 grams or 8 grams of dairy protein (Nasser et al 2022) each tested in a separate session.Participants were then provided with ad libitum access to ultra-processed vanilla ice cream and kcals of ice cream eaten were determined.Results: The caloric intake of ice cream 20 minutes after consuming preloads with varying dairy protein levels revealed significant differences in consumption and corresponding brain activity.Participants consumed more ice cream after a low-protein preload (217 AE 81 kcal) compared to a high-protein preload (174 AE 69 kcal, p 0.004).Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurements showed decreased oxygenated hemoglobin (M oxyhemoglobin) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) following the low-protein preload (-0.15 AE 0.66), suggesting reduced inhibitory control.Conversely, the highprotein preload was associated with increased dlPFC activity (0.44 AE 0.77), indicating enhanced self-regulation (p 0.033, 1tailed, for the predicted increase in dlPFC activity).These findings emphasize the impact of dietary protein on both eating behavior and neural activity related to self-control.Conclusions: This data demonstrates that the higher protein preload increased activation of dlpfc within the same time frame, and was associated with a lower intake of UPF.The data are consistent with a potential mechanism of protein satiety mediated through increased activation of the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex.