Variations in Phenotype, Methylation Potential and Gene Expression of Methyltransferases in Wistar Rat Offspring Exposed to Choline or Betaine Prenatally

a protective effect against molecular aging.Analyses in former smokers suggest the beneficial associations of ALA with AHRR DNAm, the epigenetic smoking score, and epigenetic age may be greatest in those who have recently quit smoking (PUFA x years since quit interaction p-values < 0.05).Analyses in current smokers suggest the association of LA with chr2q37 DNAm may diminish with longer total smoking duration.Conclusions: PUFAs are associated with DNAm at smokingrelated CpGs and may promote resilience against smokingrelated epigenetic alterations.Further research investigating the impact of PUFAs in relation to the timing of cigarette smoke exposure and smoking cessation could inform nutrition interventions to mitigate the molecular effects of cigarette smoking.