Gratitude and Indebtedness: Concepts, Theories, Measurements, Paradigms, and Determinants

感恩和负债感作为接受他人恩惠后产生的两种主要情绪却较少放在一起讨论，且以往对感恩或负债感的研究大多从单一角度(如恩惠或感知意图)进行考察。本研究发现能够直接影响感恩和负债感产生的因素为恩惠和感知意图，因此提出从综合角度探讨二者对感恩、负债感的作用；其次，由恩惠和感知意图引发的感恩和负债感比例有所差异，且拥有不同的情绪体验和认知，由此衍生的回报行为也会产生区别；再次，相较于传统的自我报告，回报行为也可作为两种情绪的测量方式，拥有较高的生态效度。Gratitude and indebtedness, as two primary emotions arising from receiving favors from others, have seldom been discussed together. Previous research on gratitude or indebtedness has mostly been conducted from a single perspective (such as the benefit itself or perceived intention). This study finds that the factors directly influencing the generation of gratitude and indebtedness are the benefit and perceived intention, thus proposing a comprehensive approach to explore their effects on gratitude and indebtedness. Secondly, the proportions of gratitude and indebtedness triggered by benefit and perceived intention differ, accompanied by distinct emotional experiences and cognitions, which in turn lead to differences in the derived reciprocal behaviors. Furthermore, compared to traditional self-reporting methods, reciprocal behaviors can also serve as a measurement for these two emotions, offering higher ecological validity.