Simulation-Based Load Repetition Estimation for Automated Terminals to Support Pavement Design

Pavement construction and ongoing maintenance are major costs in marine port development, impacting operational efficiency and sustainability. This paper highlights the critical role of robust pavement design in withstanding repeated loading, particularly in automated container terminals with limited empirical data. By categorizing terminal zones and using simulation tools like FlexTerm, we accurately estimate load repetitions, essential for optimizing pavement performance. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of simulation in refining designs and minimizing maintenance disruptions. Additionally, we introduce a theoretical model to validate simulation results. Our findings affirm that simulation is vital for optimizing pavement design, ensuring marine port infrastructure meets current and future operational needs.