Categorization and Labeling of Red Variations in Lip Makeup

ABSTRACT The color cosmetic industry lacks a standardized and universally accepted system for practical color communication, posing significant challenges. This study addresses these challenges by categorizing and labeling variations of red in lip makeup. In Study I, we combined the Munsell color system with expert perceptual assessments to identify discrepancies, leading to recategorization and subgroup formation. Study II explored the logic behind these subgroups, incorporating C* over L* scores and undertone determination using the formula b* − 0.42a*. We propose a tailored color system specifically for red lip makeup, demonstrating its efficacy through comprehensive product color analysis.