Modern Views on the Neuropeptide Oxytocin. Part II. Oxytocin in the Process of Evolution. The Role of Oxytocin in the Behavioural, Somatic and Autonomic Functions of Humans and Animals (Review)

The article presents current views of scientists on the physiological effects of oxytocin, its influence on social behaviour and on the psychological state of humans and animals. It is known that at the early stages of invertebrate evolution, signals were transmitted through oxytocin-like substances. In the reviewed papers, the development of oxytocin receptors in vertebrates is considered. Facts are presented about the control the oxytocinergic neurotransmitter system and its homologues exert over social behaviour, both in mammals and other vertebrates. The evolution of communicative behaviour associated with the influence of oxytocin is traced. A number of studies have demonstrated a link of the oxytocinergic neurotransmitter system with aggressive behaviour. A correlation has been established between the level of expression of oxytocin receptors in the brain and partner preference. The effect of oxytocin on the formation of social bonds between humans and domestic animals has been described. In domestic animals, oxytocin concentrations have been shown to be positively correlated with the number of contacts with the owner. The anti-stress and anxiolytic effects of this neuropeptide blocking the effects of the main stress hormone, cortisol, have been detected. Thus, oxytocin has the potential for treatment of stress and its consequences. The oxytocinergic system can modulate the mechanisms of emotions and can be used to alleviate social dysfunction in mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. The studied effects of oxytocin confirm the special role of this ancient hormone in anthropogenesis and its importance for human health and socialization, as well as demonstrate its potential use in pharmacotherapy for a number of pathologies.