The Role of Biomarkers in Predicting Cardiovascular Events in Autoimmune Diseases: Insights into Early Detection and Risk Stratification

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular events (CVE). The identification and utilization of reliable biomarkers to predict CVE in patients with AIDs hold promise for improving early detection, risk stratification, and targeted intervention strategies. This article explores the current evidence supporting the role of biomarkers, including inflammatory mediators, endothelial dysfunction markers, autoantibodies, and novel genomic and proteomic signatures. Additionally, we discuss their clinical applicability, limitations, and integration into routine practice. Understanding the interplay between biomarkers and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular complications in AIDs may pave the way for precision medicine approaches, optimizing outcomes in this vulnerable population.