FeMoO _<i>y</i>@MoS _<i>x</i> heterostructure coated by cell membrane to promote sono/chemodynamic tumor treatment

The separation of electron-hole pairs while inhibiting their recombination under ultrasound irradiation is vital phenomena to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sonodynamic therapy (SDT). With this bearing in mind, we have designed and synthesized nano heterostructure of FeMoO<em>_y</em> and MoS<em>_x</em> (FeMoO_y@MoS_x, FMOS), featuring a MoS<em>_x</em> nanoflower core, via a two-step hydrothermal process. This structure is subsequently enveloped with cell membrane to form FMOS@cell membrane (FMOS@CM) nano-sonosensitizer. The growth of FeMoO<em>_y</em> on MoS<em>_x</em> effectively narrows the bandgap of MoS<em>_x</em> and facilitates the separation of ultrasound-activated electrons and holes, which significantly enhances SDT performance under ultrasonic irradiation. Additionally, the material harnesses ultrasonic energy to activate surface electrons, converting Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. This conversion increases charge utilization efficiency, promotes the activity of Fenton reaction, and optimizes the chemodynamic therapy (CDT) performance of the material. Moreover, the encapsulation within the cell membrane guarantees the tumor-targeting capability and biocompatibility of FMOS@CM, thereby facilitating a more effective and safer tumor treatment strategy. In conclusion, this study presents a novel methodology for synthesizing sonosensitizers by in situ growth-induced assembly of metal ions. This approach provides innovative insights for the development of a new, precise, high-efficiency, multimodal synergistic treatment platform mediated by ultrasound.