Role of metallic nanoparticles to control Avian Influenza Virus in poultry birds

As known from the history of the pandemic, the Avian Influenza virus can potentially be one of the deadliest viruses of poultry. The various strains of the Avian Influenza virus also affect different animal species, including humans. Due to its continually changing genome, this virus has become more resistant to current antiviral medications and vaccinations. The development of new treatments and therapies is therefore desperately needed. The ideal cure has yet to be discovered, even if a new generation of universal vaccinations or anti-influenza medications are being produced. As a result, new control methods must be created. In veterinary medicine, nanoparticle research has gained a lot of interest in the past 20 years as a viable platform that has shown great effectiveness in substituting antiviral medications and conventional techniques. Their peculiar and unique physiochemical properties, including size, shape, charge, and surface area, enable the nanoparticles to interact and penetrate the viral capsid and host cells. Various nanoparticles such as silver, copper, gold, and zinc have demonstrated potential antiviral activity by disrupting viral coats, inhibiting viral replication, and modulate immune response. So, this review article highlights the important methods to synthesize nanoparticles and their specific antiviral mode of action against the Avian Influenza virus.