Sustainable tiles for renewable energy harvesting using integrated solar PV thermoelectric generator and piezoelectric technologies

• Introduced eco-friendly tiles using 30% M-sand substitution for sustainability. • Integrated PV, TEG, and piezoelectric technologies for renewable energy harvesting. • Achieved superior thermal performance with optimized solar absorption and emissivity. • Applied predictive algorithms to enhance voltage generation and energy efficiency. This study introduces a novel method for sustainable energy solutions by creating eco-friendly energy-harvesting tiles that combine renewable energy production with environmental preservation. The suggested tiles include a 30% replacement of M-sand with torched fly ash, reducing dependence on natural resources while preserving structural integrity and improving thermal performance. The energy-harvesting capability is realised by integrating Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells, Thermoelectric Generators (TEG), and Piezoelectric crystals, which jointly convert solar radiation, temperature differentials, and mechanical stress into electricity. The performance study indicates that the tiles possess a solar absorption of 0.256, solar reflectance of 0.81, thermal emissivity of 0.86, and a water absorption rate of 5.37%, assuring durability and resilience against environmental variables. Furthermore, predictive techniques like Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks enhanced energy production, with the Neural Networks model exhibiting greater prediction accuracy. The suggested tiles provide a sustainable construction solution by integrating energy production with efficient material use, rendering them appropriate for urban infrastructure and innovative building applications. This dual-focus design tackles energy and environmental issues, fostering sustainable building techniques.