Factors influencing the acceptance and provision of digital reference services among librarians in federal university libraries in Northern Nigeria

The study examined the factors influencing the acceptance and provision of digital reference services among librarians in federal university libraries in Nigeria, applying constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A descriptive survey design was used, and data were collected from 394 academic librarians across 20 selected federal universities in Nigeria. A questionnaire validated by experts from Bayero University and Skyline University, Nigeria, was used as the data collection instrument. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that 59.0% of respondents believed access to digital devices such as laptops, smartphones, iPads, and desktops enhances DRS provision, while 53.4% agreed that DRS facilitates information sharing across libraries. Social factors, including encouragement from colleagues and supervisors, and facilitating conditions such as adequate time and resources, positively influenced DRS adoption. Key challenges included insufficient digital skills (88.2%), limited training (79.3%), and inadequate infrastructure (76.1%). Regression analysis showed these factors contributed to a 42.1% increase in DRS delivery, with a significant t-value of 4.802 (p < .05). The study concludes that several factors, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, are crucial for DRS adoption in Nigerian federal university libraries. It has been recommended that management of university to prioritize investing in essential ICT infrastructure, (such as high-speed internet, upgraded computer systems, and software) in their libraries; providing alternative power sources like inverters or solar systems to ensure reliable power supply necessary for DRS; embracing digital technologies to expand library service offerings; provision of more training opportunities for library staff and; fostering a collaborative and supportive work culture including peer-to-peer mentoring.