Optimization of integrated energy systems with hydrogen storage: incorporating experimentally validated partial load characteristics for enhanced renewable energy utilization

Abstract To address the challenges of renewable energy volatility and seasonality, this study proposes an optimization strategy for an integrated energy system (IES) centered on a hydrogen storage system (HSS). An experimental platform was developed to investigate the operational performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under varying load conditions. Experimental data validated the power generation and heat recovery efficiencies of PEMFC, revealing a close alignment with simulation models. These findings were incorporated into a Gurobi-based optimization framework to design a robust scheduling strategy. The proposed strategy synergistically coordinates renewable energy sources including photovoltaic (PV) and wind power (WP) with hydrogen storage, lithium batteries, and the PEMFC to improve system stability, enhance economic performance, and increase renewable energy utilization. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the HSS in achieving peak-shaving, valley-filling, and efficient energy storage, addressing key limitations of renewable energy systems.