Optimal Operation of Virtual Power Plant Considering Electricity Carbon-Green Card Transaction and Its Income Distribution

A virtual power plant (VPP) facilitates the utilization of renewable energy by consolidating numerous distributed wind power sources and energy storage systems to engage in electricity market transactions. Simultaneously, it can yield the environmental advantages of VPP by engaging in the carbon trading market and the green certificate market. This paper establishes an optimal operation model for VPP in the spot power market, carbon trading market, and green certificate market, addressing the uncertainties associated with wind power and photovoltaic output income risk, as well as the interconnections between power market trading, carbon emission trading, and green certificate trading. It also provides the optimal bidding strategy for VPP in the power market. Subsequently, utilizing the Shapley value from cooperative game theory, a quantitative analysis is conducted on the contributions of various distributed resources within the virtual power plant to the total income. The validity of the proposed bidding technique and income distribution system is demonstrated through an example.