Application of metal nanoparticle-loaded nanocomposites for extraction, removal, and detection of mycotoxins in foods

Mycotoxins in food create serious health and economic problems, demanding improved detection, extraction, and removal methods. This review examines the application of metal nanoparticles (NPs)-embedded nanocomposites (NCs) for the detection, extraction, and elimination of mycotoxins in contaminated food samples. Various NCs are discussed, including those containing gold, magnetic, and metal oxide NPs; carbon-based and quantum-dot NCs incorporating metal NPs; and those integrating metal-organic or covalent organic frameworks with metal NPs. These materials exhibit exceptional properties, including increased surface area, stability, enhanced adsorption capacities, and unique optical, electrical, and catalytic functionalities. The review emphasizes the essential functions of these NCs in enhancing food safety, analyzing their benefits and drawbacks, and recognizing obstacles to their practical application. The discussion also encompasses future strategies for enhancing these NCs to guarantee scalability and reliability in practical applications.