Surgical approach under balanced anaesthetic protocol for treatment & correction of cystolithiasis in a spitz dog: A case report

This case was presented with history of dysuria, polyuria, stranguria and abdominal discomfort. Abdominal pain on palpation with bladder distension was evident. Radiological examination revealed presence of multiple cystolith in urinary bladder and cystotomy was indicated for the correction. To perform cystotomy a balanced anaesthetic protocol with glycopyrrolate, propofol & ketamine combination (ketofol) @ 1:1 ratio & isoflurane @ 2-4% concentration was used. Multiple calculi of different shape and size were removed from urinary bladder by performing successful cystotomy.