Prediabetes‑related inflammatory biomarkers modulate left ventricular diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

RESEARCH LETTER CCL5 modulates LVDD in HFpEF patients 1 IR assessment due to their simplicity and noninvasiveness.Identifying the optimal index for predicting LVDD in prediabetes would enhance our understanding of the relationship between prediabetes -related inflammation and LVDD.This study compared the predictive value of 5 IR indices to identify the most reliable one for assessing prediabetes associated with LVDD.Furthermore, it examined prediabetes -related inflammatory biomarkers and evaluated the impact of prediabetes on prognosis in HFpEF patients with LVDD, providing deeper insights into the relationship between prediabetes, inflammation, and LVDD (Supplementary material, Figure S1).Patients and methods Study cohort Study participants were screened and recruited at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, between March 2017 and January 2018, based on the following inclusion criteria: 1) a diagnosis of HFpEF; 2) age above 18 years.The diagnostic criteria for HFpEF are listed in Supplementary material, Methods.Patients were excluded for the following reasons: valvular heart disease or a history of cardiac surgery, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis or severe mitral calcification, severe mitral or aortic regurgitation, malignancy, hypothyroidism, lack of clinical follow -up data, and poor -quality echocardiographic images.Individuals with unavailable echocardiographic or laboratory data were also excluded.Left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) was assessed using echocardiography, with LVDD grading performed according to the 2016 American Society of Echocardiography / European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines.