Mars Express: From the Launch Pad to a 20-Year Success Record at Mars

Abstract Mars Express was conceived and built by ESA as a successor of the unsuccessful Russian Mars-96 mission. It was planned from the onset as an orbiter and lander mission to be able to carry out long-term, remote sensing and in-situ scientific investigations of the planet Mars and its environment. As an exceptionally successful workhorse and a backbone of the Agency’s Science Programme in operation at Mars since end December 2003, Mars Express has proven to be a highly productive mission returning excellent scientific value for the investments made by ESA and its Member States. This paper is intended as the introduction to the series of papers that make this special collection. It briefly reviews the history of the mission, its science goals, its uniqueness while establishing its complementarity with other Mars missions in a collaborative context. It also lists the teams and operational aspects and innovations that made this mission a success. Then the paper highlights Mars Express’s scientific achievements throughout its 20-year lifetime. Mars Express results and discoveries continue playing an essential role in understanding the geological, atmospheric and climate evolution of the Red Planet and determining its potential past habitability. To conclude, a preview of the science and other topics covered by this collection is given. Mars Express, a pioneering mission for Europe at Mars, is currently continuing on its long scientific journey around the Red Planet.