Structure and properties of ultrathin water film on solid surfaces

The ultrathin water films on solid surfaces are ubiquitous and play critical roles in corrosion, energy conversion and storage, mass transfer, catalysis, and so on. With advances in theoretical calculations and experimental techniques, researchers have been able to study and comprehend the structure and properties of the ultrathin water films on solid surfaces more intuitively, which could contribute to more effective utilization of this aqueous interface in distinct domains. In this review, we summarize the formation mechanism and research means of ultrathin water films, and delve intensively into the structures and properties of two types of water: one is the water adsorbed on solid surfaces, and the other is the precursor film generated at the edge of bulk water diffusion. We also introduce some open-ended questions and limitations, hoping to provide a perspective for investigation in this domain.