Freezing of a spreading droplet

The theoretical model, developed using the OEB approach, closely matched the experimental observations, validating the hypothesis. The study demonstrated that dimensionless numbers, including Weber, Reynolds, Bond, Stefan, and Peclet numbers, govern droplet spreading on pre-cooled substrates. It was confirmed that supercooling effects are negligible when droplets are deposited using a jet-based technique. The spreading rate of a freezing droplet was found to be proportional to the substrate temperature, with slower rates observed at lower temperatures. Additionally, the total freezing time of the droplet was the highest at -20C∘, despite nucleation occurring fastest at this temperature.