Driving Towards Sustainability: V2G Technology and Future Prospects

As the number of renewable energy sources connected to the grid and electricity demand grows, the electricity system faces unprecedented stability challenges as it responds to carbon neutrality policies. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), as an emerging technology, can alleviate the stability problems caused by the peak-valley effect of the grid. This study dynamically analyzes the economic and environmental benefits of V2G applications in the context of increasing electric vehicle (EV) ownership, considering costs associated with battery charging, degradation, investment, and operation and maintenance. The results show that by 2060, the daily peak shaving potential of V2G will reach 76.87 TWh, potentially avoiding approximately 69.32 million tons (Mt) of carbon emissions. With advances in battery technology, the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for V2G is projected to decrease to 0.39 CNY.kWh-1 by 2060, increasing the net present value (NPV) per vehicle to 163.13 thousand CNY, with carbon emission reductions reaching 0.37 Mt. These results indicate that V2G has great potential for application in future energy systems and can bring significant economic and environmental benefits.