Building Digital Product Passports: EPCIS 2.0 Meets Knowledge Graphs

The EU Digital Product Passport (DPP) regulation mandates robust product traceability to support sustainability reporting and regulatory compliance. However, the inherent complexity of global supply chains, marked by frequent changes in product ownership, transformations, and aggregations, poses significant challenges. While GS1 EPCIS 2.0 offers a standardized framework for capturing and sharing product visibility data, querying traceability information becomes inefficient and cumbersome, particularly in scenarios involving multilevel transformations and aggregations. This paper proposes an integrated architecture that combines EPCIS 2.0 with a knowledge graph to address these challenges. By linking traceability events using GS1 keys, the system constructs a graph-based model that enables the retrieval of complete product histories with a single query, regardless of the complexity of the supply chain. The platform ingests visibility events in real time from distributed sources, enhancing scalability, interoperability, and traceability accuracy.