Review of in-situ non- and micro-destructive techniques for pigment analysis in architectural heritage

This review summarizes in situ non-destructive and micro-destructive techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, microscopy, and phase analysis for analyzing pigments in ancient architectural heritage. It highlights their advantages, limitations, and integration strategies for minimizing damage while enabling material characterization. These methods offer valuable insights into pigment composition and cultural context, providing essential tools for conservation and interpretation in complex historic environments such as temples, caves, and other ancient structures.