Seroprevalence, and molecular detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants in selected districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Peste des Petits Ruminants is a contagious trans-boundary viral disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants, causing high mortality and morbidity. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2024 in the Enderta and Kilteawulaelo districts of the Tigray region, Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess the seroprevalence, associated risk factors, and investigate the recent circulation of the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus strains in small ruminants. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from 133 sheep and 251 goats in the study districts using multistage sampling methods. In addition, 43 swab samples were obtained from animals suspected of having Peste des Petits Ruminants to detect the viral antigen. Peste des Petits Ruminants specific antibodies and viral nucleic acid were identified using the virus neutralization test and real-time PCR, respectively. The relationship between Peste des Petits Ruminants seroprevalence and the possible risk factors was examined using Pearson's chi-square and logistic regression analysis using STATA version 14. Of the 384 serum samples tested, 41.9% (n = 161) were positive for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus antibodies. The seroprevalence in the districts of Enderta and Kilteawulaelo was 47.6% (n = 98) and 35% (n = 63), respectively, while at the species level, it was 36.8% (n = 49) in sheep and 44.6% (n = 112) in goats. The logistic regression model revealed that districts and flock size were significant risk factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants seropositivity in sheep and goats with P = 0.016 and P = 0.025 respectively. Out of 43 swab samples about 23.26% (n = 10) of the clinical samples were positive for viral nucleic acid via real-time Peste des Petits Ruminants. The serological and molecular results both confirm the presence of the Peste des Petits Ruminants virus circulating among sheep and goat populations in the study areas. Key risk factors include flock size and districts. Ongoing infections, indicated by viral nucleic acid detection, highlight the potential for wider spread. The study recommends routine vaccination, movement restrictions, continuous surveillance, farmer education, and further genetic research.