Enhancing land use classification with hybrid machine learning and satellite imagery

The growing accessibility of satellite imagery and the rapid evolution of machine learning (ML) techniques have significantly advanced land use classification for environmental monitoring. However, challenges such as cloud coverage, varying image resolutions, and seasonal changes continue to hinder classification accuracy and consistency. This study aims to improve land use classification by proposing an integrated cloud interpolation, vegetation indices and ML based approach for classification of Sentinel-2 (S2) satellite data across the Baltic States. Specifically, a spatiotemporal interpolation module is introduced that reconstructs cloud-obscured pixels using multi-temporal coherence and derives optimized vegetation-index composites to enhance class separability under varying seasonal conditions. In order to achieve this aim and to choose the best ML algorithm for land use classification, we compare the performance of three classification algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM), and evaluate their effectiveness in handling noisy and incomplete data. Our experimental results show that all three methods achieve strong classification accuracy, with RF exceeding 90%, while KNN and SVM also demonstrate competitive results. These methodological enhancements have been demonstrated to reduce cloud-induced misclassification and provide a scalable, transferable framework for operational land-use mapping in challenging atmospheric and seasonal contexts. These findings highlight the robustness of the proposed approach and provide valuable insights for future applications of ML in land use classification and environmental analysis.