Analgesic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine with neostigmine or morphine among elective surgical patients in selected comprehensive specialised hospitals, Southern Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study

Compared with BG, MG and NG had longer-lasting postoperative analgesic effects, less severe pain and required fewer analgesics overall. Patients in the NG had more incidences of nausea and vomiting. The incidences of pruritus and respiratory depression were highest in the MG. Effective analgesia appeared to work better in the MG and NG. We recommend morphine and neostigmine as adjuvants to local anaesthetics for effective postoperative analgesia. We also recommend researchers compare different doses of neostigmine and morphine as adjuvants to bupivacaine in further studies.